Restoration 
Plantations and tree crop commodities 
Enhanced nutrition and food security 
Biodiversity, safeguarding and conservation 
Nationally determined contributions 
Bioenergy and biomaterials 
Blue carbon and peatlands 
Climate change adaptation 
Landscape governance 
Gender 
Silvopastoral systems 
Market-based agroforestry-forestry 
Farm-forest policy interface 
Agroecology 
Livelihood trajectory modelling and assessment 
Inclusive finance and business models 
Innovating finance for sustainable landscapes 
Public and private commitments to zero deforestation 
Orphan tree crops 
Effectiveness of approaches to sustainable supply 
Quality of FTA research for development 
Sentinel landscapes 
Foresight 
Seeds and seedlings delivery systems 
Smallholder tree-crop commodities 
Key messages:
- Land restoration will happen under climate change and different knowledge systems are needed to navigate uncertainties and plan adaptation.
- The emergence of novel ecosystems presents a challenge for land restoration; they harbor unknown unknowns.
- This brief presents key research linking land restoration and societal adaptation and an example of a practical framework for transformative adaptation.
- It also proposes questions that can guide stakeholders in exploring different change narratives for adaptation and restoration planning.
