Restoration 
Plantations and tree crop commodities 
Enhanced nutrition and food security 
Biodiversity, safeguarding and conservation 
Nationally determined contributions 
Bioenergy and biomaterials 
Blue carbon and peatlands 
Climate change adaptation 
Landscape governance 
Gender 
Silvopastoral systems 
Market-based agroforestry-forestry 
Farm-forest policy interface 
Agroecology 
Livelihood trajectory modelling and assessment 
Inclusive finance and business models 
Innovating finance for sustainable landscapes 
Public and private commitments to zero deforestation 
Orphan tree crops 
Effectiveness of approaches to sustainable supply 
Quality of FTA research for development 
Sentinel landscapes 
Foresight 
Seeds and seedlings delivery systems 
Smallholder tree-crop commodities 
Authors: Stephen Leonard, Bruno Locatelli, Daniel Murdiyarso, Christopher Martius, Margaretha Quina and Himlal Baral
Key messages
- Both mitigation and adaptation are of critical importance to the land sector, including forests and people depending on forests.
- Mitigation and adaptation are two sides of the same coin’, but have often been treated separately, which reduces efficiency and effectiveness of policies and measures.
- Links between adaptation and mitigation are being made in the 2015 Paris Agreement, in the Warsaw REDD+ frameworks and by the Green Climate Fund.
- Research shows that there are many benefits to considering adaptation and mitigation jointly, for example in REDD+, and that an increasing number of synergistic projects are being implemented on the ground.
- Capacities to establish programs and projects that integrate adaptation and mitigation remain a challenge
- Policymakers can identify opportunities for harnessing the synergies between adaptation and mitigation and can also analyse trade-offs and put in place safeguards to reduce or avoid them
- Incentivizing the necessary research to further elucidate links and trade-offs between mitigation and adaptation will be important.
Published by Center for International Forestry Research 2016
CIFOR Info brief 137
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