Peat swamp forest degradation: A comparison between Indonesia and Peru
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Presentation from the 2014 IUFRO World Congress of recent research in peat swamps in Indonesia and Peru on carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions from intact and converted wetland forests and associated land uses, ecosystem C dynamics modeling tools, and roles of tropical wetlands in climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies.
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Peat swamp forest degradation: A comparison between Indonesia and Peru
- 1. Peat swamp forest degradation: A comparison between the two peat-richest tropical countries Indonesia and THINKING beyond the canopy Peru Hergoualc’h K, Gutierrez-Velez VH, Menton M, Verchot LV 10 October 2014 – IUFRO World Congress 2014 – Salt Lake City
- 2. Introduction C stored in tropical peat soils 40% total C stored in woody vegetation in the entire Tropics Indonesia & Peru: The 2 peat-richest countries in the Tropics (Page et al., 2011) Indonesian peat forests first described 12 decades ago THINKING beyond the canopy / Existence of peatlands in Peru documented about 1 decade ago
- 3. Peatland threats Indonesia: Extreme degradation and deforestation for agricultural expansion. Fires a major concern (Gaveau et al., 2014) THINKING beyond the canopy / Peru: Increasing pressure from logging and deforestation for gold mining Peat forest degradation poorly addressed in both countries
- 4. Peru: Land covers on peat and threat Variety of land covers in Peruvian THINKING beyond the canopy peatlands Research focused on M. flexuosa palm dominated peat forest locally known as ‘dense aguajal’ Major threat: Over-harvesting of M. flexuosa palm by slashing it. Purpose: palm fruit and larva (suri) collection
- 5. Objectives State of the art on Indonesian and Peruvian peatlands’ extent, properties, C stocks and degradation level Evaluate potential of satellite data to: - Distinguish M. flexuosa palm dominated peat forest (‘dense aguajal’) from other land covers - Assess degradation level of ‘dense aguajales’ THINKING beyond the canopy
- 6. Vegetation - Terra-firme forest (non-flooded) - Restinga forest (periodically flooded, alluvial soils, dominated by THINKING beyond the canopy Case study Peruvian Amazon, Loreto, Pastaza- Marañon basin, watersheds Marañon & Ucayali rivers. Wide pressure gradient in ‘dense aguajales’ ´ 10 km woody tree species) - ‘Mixed aguajal’ (seasonally flooded, upland valley, with but not dominated by M. flexuosa), - ‘Dense aguajal’ (permanently flooded, depressions, M. flexuosa-dominated swamp forests)
- 7. Degradation: 3 levels Low: Undisturbed ‘dense aguajal’, clear dominance of M. flexuosa palms, absence of stumps or other signs of tree-cutting Moderate: Structural characteristics of an undisturbed ‘dense aguajal’, presence of some stumps, cut trees or other degradation evidence High: ‘Dense aguajal’dominated by woody-tree species rather than M. flexuosa palms as a consequence of degradation, presence of stumps, cut trees or other degradation evidence THINKING beyond the canopy
- 8. Field data collection Land cover Qty Purpose Mixed aguajal 14 Groundtruthing land cover map Dense aguajal THINKING beyond the canopy Biomass inventory Groundtruthing land cover map & Biomass inventory Low degradation 2 Medium degradation 2 High degradation 4 50x50 m plots divided in Four 25x25 m subplots: trees w/ DBH > 10 cm; palms w/ H > 3 m Four 10x10 m miniplots: trees 2.5 < DBH < 10 cm; palms 1 < H < 3 m Allometric models for calculating AGB & BGB in woody trees, M. flexuosa, M. aculeate, other palms
- 9. Satellite analysis Landsat images fused with ALOS-PALSAR data Database w/ structural data associated w/ each polygon & plot linked to their geographic information Terra-firme & restinga forests differentiated visually using a false composite w/ Landsat bands 4, 5, 7 (non flooded/flooded) Groundtruthing to differentiate between ‘dense/mixed aguajal’ Random forest algorithm to map ‘dense aguajal’ under different levels of degradation and other LC 2 separate ‘mixed aguajal’ classes (2 very distinct groups in the spectral space) Quantitative separability analysis using Jeffries-Matusita index THINKING beyond the canopy
- 10. Peatlands of Indonesia and Peru THINKING beyond the canopy Indonesia Peru Extent (km2) 150,000 50,000 Location Sumatra (43%), Kalimantan (32%), (% of above Papua (25%) extent) Pastaza-Marañón basin (Loreto, San Martin, Amazonas) (88%), Madre de Dios (1%) Coastal & inland Inland Ecosystem type Variety of swamp forests dominated by woody trees Herbaceous plant-dominated ecosystems Mixed swamp forests, Palm-dominated swamp forests (‘aguajal’) - ‘Dense aguajal’ dominated by M. flexuosa, permanently flooded - ‘Mixed aguajal’ dominated by several palm species, seasonally flooded Not all ‘mixed aguajales’ grow on peat
- 11. Peatlands of Indonesia and Peru Nutrient regime Ombrotrophic mostly Ombrotrophic & minerotrophic C stocks Peat C pool (Gt) Peat C density (mg C cm-3) Vegetation (Mg C ha-1) THINKING beyond the canopy Indonesia Peru Indonesia Peru Nutrient regime Ombrotrophic mostly Ombrotrophic & minerotrophic 57 64 220 peat swamp forest 4 35 ombrotrophic/26 minerotrophic 115 dense aguajal/88 mixed aguajal Degradation Logging & drainage Initial AGB C stock reduced by 53% Peat emissions 22 Mg CO 2eq. ha−1 y−1 Logging NO DATA NO DATA
- 12. THINKING beyond the canopy Case study Mapping of ‘dense aguajales’ degradation and impact on biomass C stocks
- 13. Stand structural variables 600 400 200 # M. flexuosa palms/ha Tree biomass (Mg C/ha) THINKING beyond the canopy 1200 900 600 300 0 # total trees/ha Low Medium High 1200 900 600 300 0 # Woody trees/ha Low Medium High 0 Low Medium High No significant effect of degradation on the size of trees (DBH woody trees or H of palms) Biomass reduced considerably with degradation 150 100 50 0 Low Medium High
- 14. Land covers and degradation of ‘dense THINKING beyond the canopy aguajales’ Most of degradation in the North (Tigre river). Low degradation inside Pacaya-Samiria reserve ‘Dense aguajales’ with low degradation had a very distinctive signature Main confusion between LC: ‘Mixed aguajal’ overlapping with spectral signature of ‘dense aguajal’ with medium and high degradation
- 15. Lowland peatlands Indonesia Peru: Knowledge gaps Indonesia Body of knowledge considerably improved over the past decade Forest degradation dynamics and related trace gas emissions need much more attention THINKING beyond the canopy Peru Huge knowledge gap: map, land cover description & peat properties characterization, trace gas exchanges, current and future extent of degradation Particularly relevant for REDD+ implementation these C-rich ecosystems
- 16. Approach to map peat dense aguajales & their degradation in the Peruvian Amazon Suitable to map non/slightly degraded dense aguajales as the discrimination from other LC high reliable Potential for degradation temporal monitoring in non/slightly degraded dense aguajales using a reference year Discrimination highly & moderately degraded dense aguajales & other LC: Moderate, confusion w/ mixed aguajales. Improvement feasible w/ more field data THINKING beyond the canopy
- 17. Approach to map peat dense aguajales & their degradation in the Peruvian Amazon THINKING beyond the canopy Caveats: - Low sampling intensity, - Limited knowledge on the land use history in the degraded areas Further steps: - Ground measurements to capture variables explaining differences in the 2 groups of mixed aguajales - Evaluation extent to which biomass changes relates to peat C dynamics - Application to a larger area and characterization of additional peat LC
- 18. TThhaannkk yyoouu QQuueessttiioonnss?? CIFOR advances human well-being, environmental conservation, and equity by conducting research to inform policies and practices that affect forests in developing countries. wwwwww..cciiffoorr..ccggiiaarr..oorrgg THINKING beyond the canopy