Environmental Change, Wildlife Declines Impact Human Health
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This document summarizes the work of the HEAL (Health and Ecosystems: Analysis of Linkages) program. It discusses how environmental change can impact human health through changes in wildlife populations, food supply, and nutrient intake. Specifically, it presents a case study on how wildlife declines in Madagascar are linked to increased malnutrition. It outlines the HEAL methodology which involves collecting dietary, health, and biological data. The results indicate strong reliance on wild foods and associations between consumption of bushmeat and improved nutrition. The document emphasizes the importance of ecosystems for nutrition and highlights mortality risks from malnutrition.
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Environmental Change, Wildlife Declines Impact Human Health
- 1. Christopher Golden PhD, MPH Director of HEAL, Wildlife Conservation Society Harvard School of Public Health ATBC 7-13-2015 Ecosystem Change and Human Health: An Overview of the HEAL Program
- 2. Environmental Change as Public Health Risk
- 3. • Wildlife population collapse Environmental Change • Reduced access to animal-source foods Changes in Food Supply • Micronutrient and vitamin intake decreases Changes in Nutrient Intake • Increased incidence of nutritional deficienciesHealth Impacts
- 4. Makira Region, NE Madagascar
- 5. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Stuntingprevalence(%) An Environment of Chronic Malnutrition
- 6. Global Prevalence of Anemia
- 7. Forest Foods
- 9. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PredictedIncreasein HemoglobinConcentrations (g/dL) Annual Individual Wildlife Consumption (kg) Median Consumption 75th Percentile
- 10. Reliance on Wild Foods • More than 280 different food items consumed over 1 year (142 hh) • 8 items purchased from stores • 24 mammalian bushmeat species, 22 wild bird species • Mean household bushmeat consumption is 7.4kg per year • A quarter of households consume 200g of bushmeat per week • Some households are consuming nearly 70kg of busmeat in a year, the equivalent of a single household receiving 12 quarter-pounder burgers per week from the forest • Mean proportion of bushmeat to total meat consumption is 13% while in some households it comprises 75% of all meat consumption
- 11. Health Methodology 1 • Dietary calendars • Socio-economic surveys • Pharmaceutical use records 2 • Current health status • Anthropometry • Fingernail samples 3 • Blood samples (fasted) 4 • Fecal samples • Breast milk samples (fasted) CONTINUOUS NIGHT BEFORE CLINICAL VISIT FIRST / LAST
- 14. Ultimate risk factors of mortality
- 15. Effects of malnutrition on brain development and cognition Source: Cordero E et al, 1985 (Adapted from Figure 2 & Figure 4), Benıtez-Bribiesca et al. 1999 (Adapted NormalMalnourished Normal brain cells Extensive branching Impaired brain cells Limited branching
- 16. Mortality attributed to malnutrition 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Diarrhea deaths Pneumonia deaths Measles deaths Malaria deaths
- 17. Outline 1. Methodological Framework 2. Case Study: Wildlife Declines and Food Security 3. Ongoing Research Fishery Declines and Food Security Roadmap
- 18. Eco-Epidemiology Ecosystem Services Nutritional Epidemiology Climate Ocean Fisheries Catch Human Development Science Health Ecology Histories Geography Economics
- 19. Importance of Marine Fisheries to Nutrition 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Omega-3 Vitamin B12 Vitamin A Protein Iron Zinc Calories Contributionofwildcapturefish tototalnutrientintake(%)
- 20. Thank You! • Sam Myers, Walter Willett, Anu Shankar, Steve Osofsky • Ben Rice, Danny Milner, Sarah Volkman, Dan Hartl • Lia Fernald, Claire Kremen, Justin Brashares • Evelin Jean Gasta Anjaranirina and Luciano Tantely • Herlyne Ramihantaniarivo
Editor's Notes
- My main fear is that all of the major leaps that the public health community has made over the past 50-60 years will be derailed by ecosystem transformation.
- More anecdotes (add earlier). Tell more stories. Tell about how I stayed there for a year and witnessed food insecurity by observing seasons and realized how malnutrition and food insecurity.
- Sampling process, 8 draws while chilling in fridge. Liquid nitrogen. Cold chain.
- Micronutrients (iron, zinc), vitamins (A, B12, E) and fatty acids (LA/ALA vs EPA/DHA) - Biomarkers (CRP, AGP, TFR, ferritin)
- 5 sur 9 of the major risk factors of early death are related to nutrition. Among the principal causes of death in young children, 60.7% of deaths as a result of diarrhea, 52.3% of deaths as a result of pneumonia, 44.8% of deaths as a result of measles, and 57.3% of deaths as a result of malaria are attributable to undernutrition (Caulfield et al. 2004)
- Severe malnutrition early in life causes changes to brain cell development and reduction in the “connectivity” or “branching” between brain cells. In humans, this process of brain development happens in the first 2 years of life, which is a critical period of vulnerability. This slide shows microphotographs of the deep layers of the developing brain (cortex) of infants a few months old, at different levels of magnification. On the top, are normal brain cells, which have greater connectivity, both in number and span of branches [this is from a well nourished, 4 month old boy ] On the bottom, are damaged brain cells that have developed in the context of STUNTING. there are fewer branches (dendrites) each of these branches is significantly shorter (amplitude of dendrites) the proportion of these damaged cells is higher At higher magnification, the branches are abnormal - the projections (called spines) are fewer, and abnormal in shape and size [this is from a stunted 3 month old girl] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Extra supporting information: Context: Chile (disadvantaged area) Human study: infants, children who died of pnuemonia, aged 3-4 months, 5 were well-malnourished and 5 were underweight/some were stunted. Primary motor cortex Malnutrition: “moderate” protein calorie malnutrition; we recalculated stunting Controls: well nourished
- décès diarrhéiques pneumonie Rougeole paludisme
- PROJECT TEAM
- Our preliminary analysis using the GENuS database. Should we present this here in contrast to the last slide or wait to describe the GENuS modelng later? Describe differences in seafood elasticities in each country, which would demarcate areas of vulnerability